CBD Terpenes: Their Role and What They Are

In the world of CBD, we speak and write often about the compounds that naturally occur in the industrial hemp plant, like cannabinoids and terpenes. But what are CBD terpenes, and what is their role?

We know that cannabinoids like cannabidiol interact with the human endocannabinoid system (ECS).

The ECS brings homeostasis to the body when it’s properly nourished.

Terpenes, on the other hand, are potent chemical compounds that give plants their aromas, colors, and flavors. They’re produced by most plants and even some animals, such as termites and swallowtail butterflies.

Cannabinoids in Breast Milk & The major influence of cannabinoid receprtors during pre- and postnatal development

A research indicates that the human body has in fact evolved to both produce and utilize its own cannabinoids.

It comes as no surprise that these endogenous compounds are transferred to the infant via cannabinoids in breast milk. If the body naturally has cannabinoid receptors it stands to reason that it must then produce its own cannabinoids.According to the findings of several major scientific studies, human mothers naturally produce cannabinoids in breast milk and furthermore these cannabinoids are vital for proper infant development. They are classified as a specific type of neuromodulatory lipid. 

"one of the main functions of these cannabinoids in cannabis breast milk is to help a newborn child to feed by stimulating the suckling process".

The medical implications of these developments are far reaching and suggest a promising future for cannabinoids in paediatric medicine for conditions including ‘non-organic failure-to-thrive’ and cystic fibrosis.

Human breast milk has been traditionally considered sterile; however, recent studies have shown that along with the cannabinoids in breast milk, it also contains and supplies a completely natural cocktail of probiotic bacteria (commensal and mutualistic) to the infant gut.

Along with stimulating your babies feeding response these compounds also protect the infant against infections and contribute to the maturation of the immune system, among many other yet to be scientifically proven functions. 

Without cannabinoids in cannabis breast milk, infants would not be stimulated with a desire to feed. Observations of how babies act after being fed show that they exhibit symptoms of cannabinoid use.

Another research suggests that the endogenous cannabinoids ("endocannabinoids") and their cannabinoid receptors have a major influence during pre- and postnatal development. 

-High levels of the endocannaboid anandamide and cannabinoid receptors are present in the preimplantation embryo and in the uterus, while a temporary reduction of anandamide levels is essential for embryonal implantation. In women accordingly, an inverse association has been reported between fatty acid amide hydrolase (the anandamide degrading enzyme) in human lymphocytes and miscarriage.

-CB(1) receptors display a transient presence in white matter areas of the pre- and postnatal nervous system, suggesting a role for CB(1) receptors in brain development. 

-Endocannabinoids have been detected in maternal milk and activation of CB(1) receptors appears to be critical for milk sucking by newborn mice, apparently activating oral-motor musculature. Fourth, anandamide has neuroprotectant properties in the developing postnatal brain.


-Prenatal exposure to the active constituent of marihuana (Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol) or to anandamide affects prefrontal cortical functions, memory and motor and addictive behaviors, suggesting a role for the endocannabinoid CB(1) receptor system in the brain structures which control these functions. 

Sources:
https://www.sciencedirect.com
https://www.kalapa-clinic.com

https://cannabiscure.info

Cbda (cannabidiolic acid)

As the name suggests, CBDA is closely related to CBD. In fact, CBDA can be considered the parent molecule of CBD as it is present in raw cannabis, whereas CBD is only created through the process of decarboxylation.The structure of CBDA contains a carboxyl group comprising one carbon, one hydrogen, and two oxygen atoms, commonly expressed as COOH. Cannabidiolic acid, can be employed in the synthesis of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol, which possess therapeutic and pharmacological properties, by using nonenzymatic decarboxylation.

According to studies into the effects of CBDA, it shows remarkable promise in the treatment of several conditions.

A Microbiome Assessment of Medical Marijuana

In a microbiome assessment of twenty cannabis samples from different dispensaries in northern California the authors found evidence for the presence of many potential fungal and bacterial pathogens. Cannabis is prescribed to patients at high risk for infections, and its potential to cause infection should be restricted by regulation. 

To reduce the risk of infection in highly immunocompromised patients, prophylactic antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents are frequently prescribed and patients are routinely advised to reduce their risk of exposure by avoiding soil, plants and cut flowers due to the presence of Aspergillus and other moulds and Nocardia spp. Other recommendations to limit exposures include the avoidance of water-retaining materials given their association with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, raw vegetable sprouts (Escherichia coli), undercooked eggs (Salmonella enteritidis), fresh salsa, and berries (Cyclospora etc.) among others. These recommendations do not comment on the infectious risks of medical marijuana—a substance now legal in 11 countries—and used by ∼13% of the US population yearly.

Cannabis and chemotherapy

By Cristina Sánchez
In the case of cancer patients, the specific question is whether cannabis can be used during periods of chemo-, immuno-, hormone and radiotherapy. Unfortunately, not enough clinical trials have yet been conducted to allow for a categorical answer. In these circumstances, patients are faced with the option of waiting for the results of high-quality clinical trials (without even knowing who might be willing to conduct such research or when) or weighing up the known and potential risks and benefits and act in consequence. In this article, we shall try to summarise the information currently available, to allow patients and doctors to take the best course of action for each individual case.

Cannabis oil treating Epilepsy, 176 years ago

By Dr WB O’Shaughnessy

In 1840, Victorian Doctors were treating people with extracts of cannabis for many illnesses, including tinctures for treating children with epilepsy.

One of my favourite pioneers was Dr William Brooke O’Shaughnessy MD, an irish physician, surgeon, Professor of chemistry, scientist and innovator, he was a pioneer of ‘intravenous therapy’ and he is the man credited with introducing cannabis to Western medicine.

O’Shaughnessy graduated in 1829 with a Medical Doctorate from the University of Edinburgh. In 1831, at the young age of 22, he investigated cholera and his early work led to the development of intravenous fluid and electrolyte-replacement therapy.

In 1833, O’Shaughnessy moved to Calcutta, India to work for the British East India Company and during his time there he developed new cannabinoid extraction techniques which he used is preparations to treat patients suffering from, cholera, tetanus, analgesia, rheumatism and epilepsy in infants.

How Medical Cannabis Can Helps Chemotherapy Side Effects

How Medicall Cannabis may be able to complement chemotherapy treatment?

Cannabinoids have shown to effectively reduce the nausea and vomiting that often occurs during and after chemotherapy treatments.

The National Cancer Institute, an organization run by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, recognizes cannabis as an effective treatment for providing relief of a number of symptoms associated with cancer and chemotherapy treatments

A survey of 131 cancer patients participating in cannabis treatments for six to eight weeks reported significant improvements in all of the measured symptoms, including apoptosis,nausea, vomiting, mood disorders, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, constipation, sexual function, sleep disorders, itching, and pain. Patients treated with THC have also been shown to experience a higher quality of sleep and relaxation. 

Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants

Cannabinoids have been found to have antioxidant properties, unrelated to NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonism. This new found property makes cannabinoids useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases, such as ischemic, age-related, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma, or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and HIV dementia. Nonpsychoactive cannabinoids, such as cannabidoil, are particularly advantageous to use because they avoid toxicity that is encountered with psychoactive cannabinoids at high doses useful in the method of the present invention.

Cannabidiol (CBD) — what we know and what we don’t

Cannabidiol (CBD) has been recently covered in the media, and you may have even seen it as an add-in booster to your post-workout smoothie or morning coffee. What exactly is CBD? Why is it suddenly so popular?

How is cannabidiol different from marijuana?

CBD stands for cannabidiol. It is the second most prevalent of the active ingredients of cannabis (marijuana). While CBD is an essential component of medical marijuana, it is derived directly from the hemp plant, which is a cousin of the marijuana plant. While CBD is a component of marijuana (one of hundreds), by itself it does not cause a “high.” According to a report from the World Health Organization, “In humans, CBD exhibits no effects indicative of any abuse or dependence potential…. To date, there is no evidence of public health related problems associated with the use of pure CBD.”

Use of cannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents

"The application relates to the identification that cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol can be used to treat inflammatory diseases. Cannabinoids for use in treating inflammatory diseases, methods of treating inflammatory diseases and cannabinoids in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are claimed.This invation relates to anti-inflammatory agents, and in particular to the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and Crohn's Disease, and to medicinal preparations containing cannabinoids".

The inventors [Raphael Mechoulam,Marc Feldmann,

Anne-Marie Malfait,

Ruth Gallily]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cannabis sativa, commonly known as marijuana, has been used for several years for its medicinal effects, including antipyretic and analgesic properties. Approximately 80 cannabis constituents, termed cannabinoids, naturally occur as 21 carbon atom compounds of cannabis and analogues of such compounds and their metabolites 

The major psychoactive component of marijuana is Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC), which has been widely studied. Studies have shown that THC affects growth, development and reproductive activity  Studies in mice have shown that THC suppresses antibody formation against sheep red blood cells and causes changes in cytokine production. In vitro studies, however, have shown that THC may suppress or enhance (depending on dosage) the production of various cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα by leukocytic cells.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is present in most cannabis preparations (hashish, marijuana, ganja) in higher concentrations than THC.

Cannabidiol has no psychotropic (cannabimimetic activity) and does not bind either the brain or the peripheral receptors, CB1 and CB2 respectively. Cannabidiol has, however, been observed to have anticonvulsant effects. Cannabidiol has also been effective in animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity, and has been found to have antipsychotic effects in the, case of schizophrenia

What is claimed is:

1. A method of treating a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis comprising the step of administering to the patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of cannabidiol.

2. A method of treating a patient suffering from multiple sclerosis comprising the step of administering to the patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of cannabidiol.

3. A method of treating a patient suffering from ulcerative colitis comprising the step of administering to the patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of cannabidiol.

4. A method of treating a patient suffering from Crohn's disease comprising the step of administering to the patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of cannabidiol.

5. The method as in any one of claims 1-4, wherein the cannabidiol is combined with an anti-inflammatory compound.

6. The method as in any one of claims 1-4, wherein the cannabidiol is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

7. The method as in any one of claims 1-4, wherein the effective amount to be administered is between 1 μg/kg/day to 50 mg/kg/day of patient body weight.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventors 

 have now unexpectedly found that cannabinoids may be used to treat inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Inflammatory diseases involve the complex interaction between several components such as Interleukins and various mediators such as nitric oxide.

Cannabinoids have been found by the inventors to act as anti-inflammatory agents in vivo.

Accordingly, a first aspect of the invention provides use of one or more cannabinoids as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Preferably, the cannabinoid is an isolated cannabinoid such as cannflavone-2 (formula I) or a cannabinoid having the general formula II.

Preferably the cannabinoid is used as an anti-inflammatory agent against inflammatory diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's Disease, sarcoidosis, asthma, Alzheimer s disease, multiple sclerosis, Psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, osteoarthritis or spondyloarthropathy (erg. ankylosing spondylitis).

The invention also provides a method of treating a patient suffering from an inflammatory disease comprising the step of administering to the patient a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a cannabinoid.

The cannabinoid is preferably as defined above.

The patient is preferably a mammal such as a human.

Cannabinoids may be used separately or as mixtures of two or more cannabinoids. They may be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable compounds such as carriers.

The invention also provides the use of one or more cannabinoids as previously defined in the manufacture of a medicament to treat inflammatory diseases.

A further aspect of the invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory disease comprising the step of administering to a patient one or more cannabinoids as previously defined. The cannabinoids may for example be applied orally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, intravenously, by nasal spray or topically.

As a general proposition, the total pharmaceutically effective amount of cannabinoid administered will be in the range of 1 μg/kg/day to 50 mg/kg/day of patient body weight, preferably 2.5 to 10 mg/kg/day especially 5 mg/kg/day.

The invention also relates to medicinal preparations, including topical formulations, capsules, tablets and/or injectable formulations, containing one or more cannabinoids as previously defined for use as anti-inflammatory agents.

Preferably the cannabinoids, according to any previous aspect of the invention, are used or combined with one or more known anti-inflammatory compounds, especially anti-rheumatoid arthritis compounds, such as methotrexate. This allows advantageous properties of the cannabinoids to be combined with known properties of the known compound(s).

Source: https://patents.google.com

An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol

In general, the often described favorable safety profile of CBD in humans was confirmed and extended by the reviewed research. The majority of studies were performed for treatment of epilepsy and psychotic disorders. Here, the most commonly reported side effects were tiredness, diarrhea, and changes of appetite/weight. In comparison with other drugs, used for the treatment of these medical conditions, CBD has a better side effect profile. This could improve patients' compliance and adherence to treatment. CBD is often used as adjunct therapy. Therefore, more clinical research is warranted on CBD action on hepatic enzymes, drug transporters, and interactions with other drugs and to see if this mainly leads to positive or negative effects, for example, reducing the needed clobazam doses in epilepsy and therefore clobazam's side effects.

King’s College London "Cannabis extract helps reset brain function in psychosis"

Research from King’s College London has found that a single dose of the cannabis extract cannabidiol can help reduce brain function abnormalities seen in people with psychosis. 

Results from a new MRC-funded trial, published in JAMA Psychiatry, provide the first evidence of how cannabidiol acts in the brain to reduce psychotic symptoms.

Cannabidiol, also referred to as CBD, is a non-intoxicating compound found in cannabis. A purified form of cannabidiol has recently been licensed in the USA as a treatment for rare childhood epilepsies, and a 2017 King’s College London trial has demonstrated cannabidiol has anti-psychotic properties.

However, exactly how cannabidiol may work in the brain to alleviate psychosis has remained a mystery.

“The mainstay of current treatment for people with psychosis are drugs that were first discovered in the 1950s and unfortunately do not work for everyone,” says Dr Sagnik Bhattacharyya, from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN). “Our results have started unravelling the brain mechanisms of a new drug that works in a completely different way to traditional anti-psychotics.”

CBCA (Cannabichromenenic Acid)

Cannabichromenenic acid (CBCA) is found in higher concentrations in young plants, which decreases with maturity, is produced by CBGA in raw cannabis plants. CBCA then goes on to produce other cannabinoids (CBC, CBL, and CBLA) when heated or aged. Like CBDA and THCA, CBCA is the parent cannabinoid of CBC. 

The neutral form of CBCA, Cannabichromene (CBC) binds with receptors that are linked to pain perception and also increase levels of endocannabinoids like anandamide. Also CBCA maybe has anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties but more studies must to be proved and have safe results on this.

As we know, anti-inflammatories are great for treating systemic inflammation like arthritis, analgesics are helpful in treating various types of pain, and anti-microbial properties kill harmful microorganisms. 

The CBC has shown potential in treating acne, diarrhea, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, swelling, pain, depression, and as an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent. One of CBC’s most interesting benefits is that it may actually promote the development of brain cells.

$32,500 for CBD Oil? FDA Wants to Turn CBD Oil Into a Drug???

If we don’t change a key FDA policy, that’s how much you may be forced to pay if you want to purchase CBD oil.

For years, consumers have benefitted from access to cheap, safe, and effective CBD oil supplements. But now the FDA says that CBD is a drug, not a supplement—a drug which will be sold for $32,500 a year. Legally the FDA could at any time remove all CBD supplements from the market, on its own volition, or if the drug company which holds drug market exclusivity requests FDA do so. Unless we change the rules, we may see a government-sponsored monopoly on CBD oil, and in the near future, additional monopolies on other cheap, safe, and effective supplements.

CBGVA (Cannabigerovarinic acid)

Cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA) is an naturally occurring compound found in cannabis plant. 'Mother Cannabinoid' is another definition.

CBGVA is a 'building block' for other cannabinoids, like CBGA, through the process of biosynthesis,as the cannabis plant matures, CBGVA produces tetrahydrocannabivarin carboxylic acid (THCVA), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA),cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA) and other compounds.

Resently remmoved from the SheduleI prohibitions and the information you can find are limited so we don't know enought about the pharmaceutical properties that might have.

But in a study published in Intenational Jurnal Of Oncology, six different cannabinoids were tested including CBGVA .

The study examines the Anticancer effects of phytocannabinoids used with chemotherapy in leukaemia cells can be improved by altering the sequence of their administration

The study suggest that "when certain cannabinoids are paired together, the resulting product can be combined synergistically with common astill remain efficacious. Nevertheless, the sequence of drug administration is crucial to the success of these triple combinations and should be considered when planning such treatments. Anti-leukaemia drugs allowing the dose of the cytotoxic agents to be dramatically reduced yet.

Mabe this is the start for further studies on CBGVA and in all other cannabinoids.

Timeline: Discovering the Endocannabinoid System (Part1: 1964/1995)

"The Process of Discovering the Endocannabinoid System"

Without the research conducted on the cannabis sativa plant that lead to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, our understanding of the human body's functions would move into the future underdeveloped; unknowing of this system that produces & interacts with cannabinoids that are also found in the plant.

The discovery of the endocannabinoid system didn’t happen overnight. It was a series of events beginning in 1964 with the isolation of THC…

CBD for Dogs with Arthritis: How My Old Poodle Became His Playful Self Again

Bo, a 13-year-old poodle, was in so much pain he could barely sleep or eat. Then, his owner Alexis, like other pet owners across the country, discovered CBD for dogs with arthritis.

Alexis Rosenbaum knew something was wrong. Bo, her 13-year-old miniature poodle, hadn’t gone to the bathroom for three days. He couldn’t lift his head, eat, drink or sleep. Usually a playful and energetic poodle, Bo had to be carried around in a baby sling on Rosenbaum’s chest, but he still whimpered and cried from the pain.

"How Does CBD Help With Exercise"?

Why are athletes using CBD supplements, and what can CBD do for your exercise routine?

Last year the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) made a big change: though they still do not allow athletes to utilize medical cannabis, they’re allowing for athletes to use only CBD supplements.

Though the WADA doesn’t govern all anti-doping regulations, they do set the tone, and other anti-doping authorities are likely to follow this line. 

Athletes now have more freedom to access the health and wellness benefits of CBD, without being disqualified from competing.

CBD for Sports: “It Helps”

The WADA change came after MMA fighter Nate Diaz took a drag from a CBD vaporizer pen during a post-fight press conference, in direct violation of the rules, and explained the benefits he experienced from the supplement: “It helps with the healing process and inflammation and things like that, so you want to get these for before or after the fights, in training. It’ll make your life a better place,” Nate Diaz told press, potentially endangering his career.

Rather than ruining his career, Diaz opened the way for more athletes to use cannabidiol (CBD) to supplement and support their exercise regimen. CBD supplements can be great both pre- and post-workout to prevent inflammation like Diaz pointed out, but that’s not all. Research shows that CBD can improve recovery, especially after injury, reduce pain and muscle spasms, improve sleep, and stimulate appetite.

What is affiliate marketing and how does it work?

- Affiliate marketing is a type of marketing where businesses reward partners for visitors they send to the company's website through their own affiliate marketing efforts.

Essentially, it's a performance-based marketing system whereby a business owner or site owner is rewarded by the company when visitors or customers are introduced by the marketing efforts of the particular affiliate you have

-The affiliate system is the system that handles the affiliate accounts, the tracking of the affiliates traffic they have posted
on the site and the cash rewards of the affiliates earn for their efforts ...

The amazing thing with these programs is that within a few minutes you can have your own business, at no cost, to sell the products of the companies you choose, online or to the people around you ...

How Topical CBD Products Work With Your Body to Provide Relief

As we get older, aches and pains that we typically deal with  become more and      more prevalent. 

At any age, we may experience pain in our joints and muscles from overwork or repetitive motion, prolonged or vigorous exercise, sitting too long, or holding stress in our body.

While body aches may present discomfort for anyone, some conditions that make it worse, such as, arthritis and autoimmune diseases such as fibromyalgia and lupus.

Why Topical CBD is a Great Natural Alternative to Over the Counter/Prescription Drugs?

• Over the counter medications such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen may provide relief, but come with complications sometimes as severe as liver damage.

• Prescribed pain medications are potentially addictive and have other serious side-effects as well.

• Supplements and natural remedies don't always bring immediate relief and even something like soaking in a tub with Epsom salts doesn't work for those with limited mobility.

• Topical creams seem like a good idea, but the key ingredient in many, methyl salicylate has toxicity issues, and even more natural products like Tiger Balm come with an eye-watering aftermath.

How CBD Products Work With the Endocannabinoid System

Topical products containing CBD offer a fast acting and safe remedy for the relief of muscle and joint pain. Cannabidiol (or CBD) derives from the cannabis sativa plant, the same plant which produces marijuana or THC. Plants are defined as cannabis or hemp when their THC level measures under .3% while marijuana plants have THC levels of .5 to 30%. The cannabinoid THC provides the euphoric high that many people associate with marijuana.

CBD works on and with the human body because of the endocannabinoid system or ECS. The ECS was discovered in the 1980's as research was conducted to explain why cannabis helped so many different conditions. The ECS runs throughout the body including every organ and system in all mammals. Made up of small endogenous acidic molecules referred to as endocannabinoids, the design of the ECS directs it to target the organ or system that is in need of repair.

The Cannabis plant operates under the same system as ECS referred to as phytocannabinoids, which explains why when administered, cannabis assists the body's ECS in functioning to relieve a variety of ailments.

How Topicals Work With the ECS

Creams and salves that contain CBD work with the skin by penetrating the C1 and C2 receptors directly. The sensitivity of the body's largest organ (the skin) causes an almost immediate signal to the DNA to produce a protein to halt the production of arachidonic acid which causes pain and inflammation.

Especially when combined with skilled massage or therapeutic touch, topical CBD oil provides substantial and quick relief. Some of the conditions helped by topical CBD products include:

• Arthritis

• Joint pain

• Muscular pain

• Pain caused by autoimmune disorders

Additional Benefits of Using CBD Topicals

One of the most significant benefits of using topical CBD products to relieve aches and pains involves the fact that there are virtually no adverse side-effects such as those found in over the counter or prescription medications. Additionally, CBD oil contains essential fatty acids and vitamins. There are other added benefits to using products containing CBD oil as well such as:

• Relieving stress and anxiety

• Promoting better sleep

• Aiding in proper digestion

It should be noted too, that CBD oil, when combined with other healing essential oils, have a synergy which produces tailored therapeutic effects for several different ailments. Massage therapists often use topical CBD oil mixed with other healing oils to meet the needs of their clients.

Source: https://cannabismaven.io

CBD & Knee Pain

Living with pain is an everyday experience for people around the world, and a common complaint that many have is knee pain. It can affect people of all ages for a variety of causes, from injury to severe medical conditions. Knee pain is a prevalent type of chronic pain because of how frequently we use this joint throughout the day. Pain can arise from any of the intricate parts that comprise the knee: the joints, ligaments, bone and cartilage.

If you struggle with chronic knee pain, you have probably been trying to cope using over-the-counter pain meds. Or, if the injury to your knee is too severe, you and your doctor may be working on a treatment plan that involves prescription pain medication or even surgery. Although consulting with your physician is essential to your health, you may want to suggest an alternative treatment option for your knee pain: CBD.