"Cannabinoids & Glioblastoma Therapy"

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and one of the deadliest types of solid cancer overall. More than 95% of GBM patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that cannabinoids have potent anti-tumor functions.

Glioblastoma...

Half of newly-diagnosed gliomas are glioblastomas (GBMs), with an incidence in adults of 0.59 3.69 cases per 100,000 person life-years. Primary GBM occur more commonly in male patients whereas the reverse is the case for secondary GBM. The mean age of primary and secondary G BM patients is 62 and 45 years, respectively (Adamson et al., 2009).

Cannabinoids...

The term cannabinoids originally described bioactive constituents of the plant Cannabis sativa. The cannabis ingredients were used traditionally for their medicinal purpose but also for their recreational properties. Most of the cannabinoids bind to G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and act as agonists or inverse agonists.

"Cannabis and Breast Cancer"

Breast Cancer Awareness Month

Every October, people all over the world show their support for everyone affected by breast cancer.Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times, more common in women than in men.

Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin.

Patient surveys have provided important insights about how people use medical cannabis. About 42% of people diagnosed with breast cancer who completed a survey for breastcancer.org said that they used medical cannabis products to manage breast cancer symptoms or treatment side effects. People who used medical cannabis ranged in age, cancer stage, and treatment phase, and most of them they found it to be “very” or “extremely” helpful.(75%)

"Finally... is CBD Better Than Aspirin...?

Probably if you search on internet you will find many post's wich claims that CBD is better or stronger than Aspirin. 

And probably you are so quite sure about the safety of Aspirin, in  point that you may be laugh...

So, lets take a closer look to Aspirin and to CBD and lets see what we will find out!!!


Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation. Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death. Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. It may also decrease the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. 

"The most of us we dont know exactly how many adverse effects has this 'innocent' pill..."

"New compound from CBDA could be substitute for opioids & steroids"

Israeli researcher Raphael Mechoulam has announced the development of a process to modify and stabilize cannabidiolic acids (CBDA) that appear early in the cannabis plant’s growth, rendering compounds that have the potential for large-scale use.

The result is a semi-synthetic, fully stable, acid-based compound that could be useful in suppressing nausea from chemotherapy, and be a treatment for such afflictions as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Psoriasis. 

Researchers say such compounds, which are more potent than CBD or THC – and which so far have shown no negative side effects – could replace steroids and opioids.

Politically correct for pharma

Mechoulam worked with American biotech startup EPM to develop the solution to stabilizing the acids through esterification, a simple chemical process. That could prove interesting to the pharmaceutical industry as the process turns out the acids in a consistent form that is patentable. Also, EPM CEO Reshef Swisa said the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has told the company the compound would not be treated as cannabis but as any other drug in development, thereby avoiding the stigma and legal limitations associated with marijuana.

"The Antimicrobial Activities of Phytocannabinoids"

Novel antimicrobial drugs are urgently needed to counteract the increasing occurrence of bacterial resistance. 

Extracts of Cannabis sativa have been used for the treatment of several diseases since ancient times. 

It has been demonstrated that several cannabinoids show potent antimicrobial activity against primarily Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As first in vivo efficacy has been demonstrated recently, it is time to discuss whether cannabinoids are promising antimicrobial drug candidates or overhyped intoxicants with benefits.

The worldwide spread of bacterial resistance against market antibiotics has been identified as one of the major threats to public health by scientists and healthcare authorities. Thus, new antibacterial strategies and antibacterial compounds are urgently needed to counteract the increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant and, especially, multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, to keep the live-saving advantages toward bacterial pathogens. 

In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasized the crucial need for antimicrobial drug development against a group of 13 different genii, families, and specific species of pathogenic bacteria.The real problem is that the vast majority of these prioritized bacterial pathogens are drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

However, antimicrobial resistances are also increasing in Gram-positive bacteria and, among the high priority pathogens, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of both healthcare and community-associated infections worldwide, and a major cause for morbidity as well as mortality.

"Cannabinoids Co-Creators of Life... From Conception to Breastfeeding"

Probably you have hear that cannabinoids & the endocannabinoid system play an important role in our daily lives regulating and maintaining homoeostasis in our bodies.

But did you know that actually their role is so crucial that they effect all the major stages of our lives from conception, embryo implantation, birth to the early days of our lives?

Male fertility...

Both CB1 and CB2 receptors are found on sperm cells. The level of endocannabinoid AEA is crucial for control of the percentage of swimming and live sperm (viability and motility), the modulation of the energy expenditure and control of the number of testosterone producing cells (Leydig cells).

These effects are mediated through the CB1 receptor. CB2 receptor activation is responsible for the start of the production of sperm and the regulation of its swimming speed.

"Should You Use Cannabis to Prevent Illnesses"???

Did you know that we could target in the ECS to prevent illness and maintain better health?

Our bodies consist of many unique physiologic systems whose sole purpose is to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis. 

We know the pancreas releases insulin to balance glucose levels between the bloodstream and cells. The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormone, which regulates vital bodily functions related to metabolism, body temperature and much more. Acctually our bodies are working constantly to stay balanced in response to our external environment.

The "Endocannabinoid System" (ECS)...

In the quest to understand how THC causes its intoxicating effects, scientists discovered that we have yet another regulatory physiologic system, called "Endocannabinoid System" (ECS) whose role is to maintain bodily homeostasis & biological harmony. Acctualy the ECS  is the most widespread receptor system in the human body and has been described as being protective and necessary for life.

"Is Cannabis More Effective Than Aspirin? The Role of Flavonoids..."

In a previous article we have found evidence that CBD is more efective than Aspirin, however, a recent study has shed new light into medical properties of cannabis most pertinently, the power of flavonoids.

There have been many studies which have looked into the analgesic properties of cannabis. 

It has even been suggested that the plant could help reduce a person’s reliance on opioids as a painkiller.

For a long time, the assumption has been that cannabinoids such as THC and CBD are responsible for the plant’s potential painkilling properties. 

When cannflavins A and B were first identified over three decades ago, it was already known that they provided anti-inflammatory effects up to 30 times greater than what is provided by Aspirin on a gram-by-gram basis.

What Are Flavonoids?

It is genuinely interesting that the flavonoids in marijuana could be responsible for much of its anti-inflammatory properties, yet we know relatively little about this diverse group of plant chemicals. In reality, you will find these phytonutrients in almost all fruits and vegetables. Along with carotenoids, flavonoids are responsible for the colors in the fruit and vegetables we eat.

Can Medical Marijuana’s Chemicals May Protect Cells???

As more countries legalize Cannabis treatment, scientists are learning how the plant's chemicals may help conditions ranging from brain injuries to cancer.

They might protect the brain from the effects of trauma, ease the spasms of multiple sclerosis and reduce epileptic seizures. 




Further preliminary work indicates that the chemicals may slow the growth of tumors and reduce brain damage in Alzheimer's disease.

-After inducing human breast cancer tumors in mice, researchers in the U.K. found they could shrink the tumors by administering THC. The chemical may disrupt cancer cell growth as it binds to CB2 receptors, which are much more abundant on cancer cells than on healthy ones. 

-Taken together, CBD & THC are promising agents for inhibiting breast cancer progression.By influencing the tumor microenvironment and the immune system,they are able to reduce inflammation, inhibit tumor cell growth, induce apoptosis, and cause autophagy

-At the University of South Carolina, a team discovered that THC could reduce the inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of certain genes involved in the immune response.

-And at the University of South Florida, researchers working with cells in a lab showed that extremely low concentrations of THC could reduce production of beta amyloid, the protein that forms the plaque abundant in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. 

(This article was originally published with the title "Marijuana's Medical Future" in Scientific American 312, 2, 32-34 (February 2015)

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0215-32)

Sources: https://www.scientificamerican.com
             https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"CBDA for Psoriasis, Arthritis and Anxiety...???"

Cannabis research pioneer hopes latest discovery is not overlooked again...

Raphael Mechoulam, an Israeli organic chemist and professor of medicinal chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, remembers the letdown after his groundbreaking discoveries surrounding the structure of the cannabis compounds CBD and THC in 1963 and 1964, followed by clinical tests with CBD published in 1980.




In a 2018 British Journal of Pharmacology study, Mechoulam and his co-authors wrote that their synthetic compound, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) methyl ester (HU-580) could be more effective than existing CBD remedies, making it “a potential medicine for treating some nausea and anxiety disorders.” Those initial clinical tests found the acids have yielded results on par, and even exceeding, existing treatments, without the side effects.

The naturally occurring but unstable CBD acid (CBDA) is a thousand times more potent than CBD in binding to a particular serotonin receptor thought to be responsible for alleviating nausea and anxiety.

“It’s an interesting molecule that potentially doesn’t have side effects,” said Dan Peer, managing director of the Center for Translational Medicine and head of the Cancer Biology Research Center at Tel Aviv University.

What is CBCV (Cannabichromevarin)

Cannabichromevarin (CBCV) first came to limelight in 1975 when Thailand researchers at the University of Nagasaki isolated the compound from a cannabis plant. However, not much research has been conducted on the compound since its discovery.

Actually there is not much information to give concerning the properties of CBCV due to the restrictions on marijuana research. However, there is some knowledge that may be used to predict its effect on the human body.

The concentration of CBCV in cannabis plants is much lower compared to cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). CBCV is related to cannabichromene (CBC), a compound that appears in smaller amounts than the two major ones. The chemical structure of CBCV is similar to that of CBC but much shorter. CBCV can rightly be described as a propyl cannabinoid, meaning that its molecular structure contains a propyl chain. The molecular formula for this compound is C19H26O2.

CBC (Cannabichromene)

Cannabichromene (CBC),  is one of the cannabinoids that found in the Cannabis plant and is therefore a phytocannabinoid. 

It bears structural similarity to the other natural cannabinoids, including  tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN), among others.

CBC and its derivatives are as abundant as cannabinols in cannabis.It is not scheduled by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

Cannabichromene was discovered in 1966 by Gaoni and Mechoulam on one hand and almost simultaneously by Claussen on the other, although since then little research has been carried out on this cannabinoid, with THC and CBD being the protagonists of the majority of subsequent studies. 

However, as we will see below, today there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the tremendous therapeutic potential of this cannabinoid, especially in combination with other compounds in what is often referred to as an "ensemble effect of cannabinoids".

CBGA (Cannabigerolic Acid)

 "The stem cell of cannabis"

Cannabigerolic acid is one of the many phytocannabinoids within the cannabis plant. Many phytocannabinoids  have acidic precursors.

To recap really quickly,  these acidic precursors  
turn into a subsequent cannabinoid through a process known as decarboxylation.  


Decarboxylation happens through various forms of heat application and is a fancy science word for when something loses a molecule of carbon dioxide. This heat application can include solar heat or directly applied heat as with cooking or smoking.  

But what makes cannabigerolic acid (CBGa) so special? Is it not just another acidic precursor? Aside from being a precursor for cannabigerol, it is also the precursor for a handful of other acidic precursors including THCA, CBDA and CBCA. It is crucial in creating common cannabinoids like CBC and THC. This is why some cannabis enthusiasts refer to it as the “stem cell” of cannabis, given its transformative nature.

CBN (Cannabinol)

Cannabinol (CBN) is a cannabinoid found in the Cannabis sativa plant, so it is part of the phytocannabinoids family, just like cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

As its name suggests, CBN is related to THC, the compound being in fact a metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol. This means that cannabinol is obtained from THC, through a process that involves both natural and special treatments.

Unlike other cannabinoids, CBN does not stem directly from cannabigerol (CBG) or cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), but rather is the degraded product of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA).If cannabis is exposed to air or ultraviolet light (for example, in sunlight) for a prolonged period of time, THCA will convert to cannabinolic acid (CBNA). CBN is then formed by decarboxylation of CBNA.

"Study Finds Miscarriage May Be Prevented By THC"

Cannabinoid receptor problems in the placenta may cause miscarriage, according to new study. 

The role that the endocannabinoid system plays in reproduction has been studied for years. 

There is strong support of its involvement in maintaining the health and function of the placenta, and thus preventing miscarriage.

There are at least four kinds of receptors in the human body, each activated by cannabinoids. The most commonly known receptors are CB1 and CB2. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g (PPAR-g) and the G-protein coupled receptor GPR55 are additional receptors that interact with cannabinoids.  Science has more recently discovered that ion channels also participate in conveying messages of cannabinoid molecules, including TRPV1 and TRPM8.

-The Placenta and Cannabinoid Receptors

The main function of the human placenta is nourishment, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, and protein biosynthesis for the fetus. The placenta is its own organ, consisting of many different cell types. Metabolism within the placenta creates the microenvironment necessary to support development of human life.

Scientists discovered that placental cells express cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, which suggests that cannabinoids from cannabis consumption may impact placenta functioning.

"3 Cannabinoids In Clinical Practice"

Acording to the study,"Cannabis has a potential for clinical use often obscured by unreliable and purely anecdotal reports".

The most important natural cannabinoid is the psychoactive Tetrahydrocannabinol (A 9 -THC),Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG). Not all the observed effects can be ascribed to THC, and the other constituents may also modulate its action. For example CBD reduces anxiety induced by THC. A standardised extract of the herb may be therefore be more beneficial in practice and clinical trial protocols have been drawn up to assess this. 

The mechanism of action is still not fully understood, although can- nabinoid receptors have been cloned and natural ligands identified. 

Cbda (cannabidiolic acid)

As the name suggests, CBDA is closely related to CBD. In fact, CBDA can be considered the parent molecule of CBD as it is present in raw cannabis, whereas CBD is only created through the process of decarboxylation.The structure of CBDA contains a carboxyl group comprising one carbon, one hydrogen, and two oxygen atoms, commonly expressed as COOH. Cannabidiolic acid, can be employed in the synthesis of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol, which possess therapeutic and pharmacological properties, by using nonenzymatic decarboxylation.

According to studies into the effects of CBDA, it shows remarkable promise in the treatment of several conditions.

CBCA (Cannabichromenenic Acid)

Cannabichromenenic acid (CBCA) is found in higher concentrations in young plants, which decreases with maturity, is produced by CBGA in raw cannabis plants. CBCA then goes on to produce other cannabinoids (CBC, CBL, and CBLA) when heated or aged. Like CBDA and THCA, CBCA is the parent cannabinoid of CBC. 

The neutral form of CBCA, Cannabichromene (CBC) binds with receptors that are linked to pain perception and also increase levels of endocannabinoids like anandamide. Also CBCA maybe has anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties but more studies must to be proved and have safe results on this.

As we know, anti-inflammatories are great for treating systemic inflammation like arthritis, analgesics are helpful in treating various types of pain, and anti-microbial properties kill harmful microorganisms. 

The CBC has shown potential in treating acne, diarrhea, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, swelling, pain, depression, and as an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent. One of CBC’s most interesting benefits is that it may actually promote the development of brain cells.

CBGVA (Cannabigerovarinic acid)

Cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA) is an naturally occurring compound found in cannabis plant. 'Mother Cannabinoid' is another definition.

CBGVA is a 'building block' for other cannabinoids, like CBGA, through the process of biosynthesis,as the cannabis plant matures, CBGVA produces tetrahydrocannabivarin carboxylic acid (THCVA), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA),cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA) and other compounds.

Resently remmoved from the SheduleI prohibitions and the information you can find are limited so we don't know enought about the pharmaceutical properties that might have.

But in a study published in Intenational Jurnal Of Oncology, six different cannabinoids were tested including CBGVA .

The study examines the Anticancer effects of phytocannabinoids used with chemotherapy in leukaemia cells can be improved by altering the sequence of their administration

The study suggest that "when certain cannabinoids are paired together, the resulting product can be combined synergistically with common astill remain efficacious. Nevertheless, the sequence of drug administration is crucial to the success of these triple combinations and should be considered when planning such treatments. Anti-leukaemia drugs allowing the dose of the cytotoxic agents to be dramatically reduced yet.

Mabe this is the start for further studies on CBGVA and in all other cannabinoids.

CBG (Cannabigerol)

Cannabigerol (CBG) is one of more than 120 identified  cannabinoid compounds found in the plant  Cannabis. 

CBG is the decarboxylated form of cannabigerolic acid, the parent molecule from which other cannabinoids are synthesized. 

Cannabigerol is a minor constituent of cannabis. During plant growth, most of the cannabigerol is converted into other cannabinoids, primarily tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD), leaving about 1% cannabigerol in the plant.

What Are the Effects of CBG?

CBG carries some important therapeutic benefits that make it well worth discussing.Cannabigerol has been observed to have one of the widest ranging impacts of any of the naturally occurring cannabinoids. 

Research has been shown, that this non-psychoactive cannabinoid, activate α2-adrenoceptors, bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors, and block CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors. 

Another research shows that CBG blocks transient receptor potential (TRP) M8 (TRPM8), activates TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV2 channels and inhibits the reuptake of endocannabinoids.

This wide range of effects on various systems in the body results in a long list of potential medicinal benefits which we outline below. One notable synergy is CBG's interaction with the endocannabinoid system. By acting as a mild CB1 receptor antagonist, it acts to help reduce the less desirable effects of ingesting psychoactive amounts of THC.

Medical Benefits of CBG

Bone growth and healing - A 2007 study pointed to CBG and other cannabinoids as being effective in the healing of bone fractures by promoting new bone growth.

Cancer-fighting - In a 2014 study focused on colorectal cancer (CRC) noted that this cannabinoid "inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors as well as chemically induced colon carcinogenesis" and "should be considered translationally in CRC prevention and cure."

Pain relief - CBG among other cannabinoids have been shown as effective in reducing pain from a wide range of sources including being caused by multiple sclerosis and cancer. The study also shows that these cannabis-based medicines could be combined with other pharmaceuticals in the treatment of pain.

Anti-inflammatory + Anti-Oxidant - A wide range of studies point to this and other phytocannabinoids as being effective in reducing inflammation.

Reduces intraocular pressure - Among the range of available cannabinoids, cannabigerol has shown to be particularly effective in treating glaucoma.

Antibacterial and antifungal - The major cannabinoids all exhibit antibacterial and antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Specifically, CBG has been shown to be highly effective against MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Depression and anxiety - A 2016 report cites CBG as 'a neglected phytocannabinoid' going on to suggest that this and other phytocannabinoids could provide effective non-psychoactive alternatives for treating anxiety and depression.

Neuroprotective - A 2015 animal-based study cited cannabigerol as being "extremely active as neuroprotectant". The conclusion of the research points to phytocannabinoids being used alone or in tandem with other therapies in the treatment of diseases like Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, disease.

Overactive bladder treatment - Both CBG and THCV were observed in a 2015 study to have the strongest ability to reduce bladder contractions when compared across all phytocannabinoids.

Appetite stimulant - Observed in animal models, this cannabinoid was studied in 2016 an effective appetite stimulant. This points to a non-psychoactive application for the treatment of eating conditions and managing weight.

Psoriasis treatment - Endocannabinoid receptors present in the skin allow for the use of topical cannabinoid applications as a possible treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions.

THE FUTURE OF CBG

As the research of this interesting phytocannabinoid continues to blossom and breeders continue to create strains with larger quantities of the molecule, CBG will, without a doubt, be awarded its rightful place among the pantheon of healing cannabinoids.

As cannabis medicine evolves over time, it will be interesting the see CBG play a role as an individual cannabinoid, as well as in synergy with other components of the cannabis plants that are showing vast potentials such as cannabinoids and terpenoids.