"The historical development of research on cannabidiol".

"The aim of this review is to describe the historical development of research on cannabidiol". (Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil)

After the elucidation of the chemical structure of cannabidiol in 1963, the initial studies showed that cannabidiol was unable to mimic the effects of Cannabis. In the 1970's the number of publications on cannabidiol reached a first peak, having the research focused mainly on the interaction with THC and its antiepileptic and sedative effects. 

The following two decades showed lower degree of interest, and the potential therapeutic properties of cannabidiol investigated were mainly the anxiolytic, antipsychotic and on motor diseases effects. 

The last five years have shown a remarkable increase in publications on cannabidiol mainly stimulated by the discovery of its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. These studies have suggested a wide range of possible therapeutic effects of cannabidiol on several conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory diseases, nausea and cancer. 

CANNABIDIOL (CBD) Pre-Review Report by WHO

This report has been drafted under the responsibility of 

the WHO Secretariat, Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, Teams of Innovation, Access and Use and Policy, Governance and Knowledge

(Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Thirty-ninth Meeting Geneva, 6-10 November 2017)

Summary:

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the naturally occurring cannabinoids found in cannabis plants. It is a 21-carbon terpenophenolic compound which is formed following decarboxylation from a cannabidiolic acid precursor, although it can also be produced synthetically, CBD can be converted to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) under experimental conditions, however, this does not appear to occur to any significant effect in patients undergoing CBD treatment. 

In experimental models of abuse liability, CBD appears to have little effect on conditioned place preference or intracranial self-stimulation. In an animal drug discrimination model CBD failed to substitute for THC. In humans, CBD exhibits no effects indicative of any abuse or dependence potential. There is unsanctioned medical use of CBD based products with oils, supplements, gums, and high concentration extracts available online for the treatment of many ailments.

CBD is generally well tolerated with a good safety profile. Reported adverse effects may be as a result of drug-drug interactions between CBD and patients’ existing medications. Several countries have modified their national controls to accommodate CBD as a medicinal product. To date, there is no evidence of recreational use of CBD or any public health related problems associated with the use of pure CBD.

"3 Cannabinoids In Clinical Practice"

Acording to the study,"Cannabis has a potential for clinical use often obscured by unreliable and purely anecdotal reports".

The most important natural cannabinoid is the psychoactive Tetrahydrocannabinol (A 9 -THC),Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG). Not all the observed effects can be ascribed to THC, and the other constituents may also modulate its action. For example CBD reduces anxiety induced by THC. A standardised extract of the herb may be therefore be more beneficial in practice and clinical trial protocols have been drawn up to assess this. 

The mechanism of action is still not fully understood, although can- nabinoid receptors have been cloned and natural ligands identified. 

Medical Marijuana Faces Acceptance Barrier by Hesitant Medical Schools

A new study shows a growing interest by university pharmacy programs in teaching about medical marijuana in their curriculum, while medical schools seem to lag behind. 62% of US pharmacy school respondents queried in a new survey said they included medical marijuana in their doctorate of pharmacy curriculum.

That’s according to a nine-page study co-authored by faculty from the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, which appeared in the January 2019 issue of the journal Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. The results point to the growing role of marijuana as a therapeutic treatment.

The Global Hemp Marketplace

Farm Bill 2018 special reports that "Roughly 30 countries in Asia, Europe, and North and South America already allow hemp cultivation".

The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organiszation, which tracks global farming, reports that "Global acreage in hemp cultivation in 2016—the most recent year available—was 192,000 acres. The U.N. estimated total hemp production in 2016 at 355 million pounds".
But those numbers are incomplete.Not all nations report hemp acreage to the U.N. 

 Among the producers left out of the U.N.’s hemp count: 
• Canada, where industry groups say about 138,000 acres of hemp were planted in 2018.
• Uruguay, where 2,471 acres of hemp were licensed in 2018.
• Colombia, where acreage counts are not available. With those exceptions, global acreage in hemp cultivation in 2016 was 192,000 acres, with total production of 355 million pounds. Leading hemp producers are:
• *European Union
• China
• South Korea
• Russia
(*Most production takes place in France, the Netherlands, Lithuania and Romania.) Many of the Latin American countries that have been developing cannabis legislation have been cautious to allow cultivation and started with restrictive, import-only programs of CBD products—which opens the door for new hemp producers to enter the market.
These include:
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Paraguay
• Mexico
But legislation is evolving rapidly, and only Brazil has no plans in place to eventually allow cultivation.

Global investment 

The Farm Bill is certain to trigger a global shift in cannabis investing. That’s because U.S.-based hemp companies now have full access to the largest and most prestigious exchanges, Nasdaq and the New York Stock Exchange. Will Wall Street create hemp giants that will leverage their capital and competitive edge overseas? According to Preston Gardner, an analyst with CVC Partners, U.S. hemp investors should expect:
• Significant M&A activity.
• Hemp activity in the agricultural, pharmaceutical and technology industries.
• American hemp companies seeking a global edge through quality control. 

The last point could be the best way for U.S. hemp entrepreneurs to compete against larger hemp producers around the globe. “Our cost to cultivate is going to be greater compared with international competitors,” Gardner said. He believes American hemp producers will tout “a quality differentiation factor,” particularly their expertise cultivating high-CBD cultivars. 

Instituting quality considerations, such as Good Manufacturing Practice and standard operating procedures, will be key for American hemp to find markets overseas. 
For Free download the Farm Bill 2018 Special Report :
https://hempindustrydaily.com